Products related to Optimality:
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German Phonology : An Optimality-Theoretic Approach
Drawing on an optimality-theoretic framework, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the phonology of German, with its idiosyncratic array of sound patterns.It starts with the consonants and vowels and the distinctive features they consist of, moving on to account for allophonic changes in detail, as well as syllables and their weight units.Phonological processes are then explored in depth, with chapter-length explorations of feet, prosodic words, prosodic phrases, and intonation phrases, showing that the prosodic hierarchy provides the domains of most phonological processes.It also includes discussions of the interfaces of morphology and syntax with phonology, as well as prosodic phrasing and intonation.The constraint-based approach allows a new holistic perspective, simultaneously encompassing all aspects of German phonology.Wide-ranging yet accessible, it is essential reading for advanced students of both linguistics and German, as well as individual scholars seeking a one-stop resource on the topic.
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German Phonology : An Optimality-Theoretic Approach
Drawing on an optimality-theoretic framework, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the phonology of German, with its idiosyncratic array of sound patterns.It starts with the consonants and vowels and the distinctive features they consist of, moving on to account for allophonic changes in detail, as well as syllables and their weight units.Phonological processes are then explored in depth, with chapter-length explorations of feet, prosodic words, prosodic phrases, and intonation phrases, showing that the prosodic hierarchy provides the domains of most phonological processes.It also includes discussions of the interfaces of morphology and syntax with phonology, as well as prosodic phrasing and intonation.The constraint-based approach allows a new holistic perspective, simultaneously encompassing all aspects of German phonology.Wide-ranging yet accessible, it is essential reading for advanced students of both linguistics and German, as well as individual scholars seeking a one-stop resource on the topic.
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Hume's Problem Solved : The Optimality of Meta-Induction
A new approach to Hume's problem of induction that justifies the optimality of induction at the level of meta-induction. Hume's problem of justifying induction has been among epistemology's greatest challenges for centuries.In this book, Gerhard Schurz proposes a new approach to Hume's problem.Acknowledging the force of Hume's arguments against the possibility of a noncircular justification of the reliability of induction, Schurz demonstrates instead the possibility of a noncircular justification of the optimality of induction, or, more precisely, of meta-induction (the application of induction to competing prediction models).Drawing on discoveries in computational learning theory, Schurz demonstrates that a regret-based learning strategy, attractivity-weighted meta-induction, is predictively optimal in all possible worlds among all prediction methods accessible to the epistemic agent.Moreover, the a priori justification of meta-induction generates a noncircular a posteriori justification of object induction.Taken together, these two results provide a noncircular solution to Hume's problem. Schurz discusses the philosophical debate on the problem of induction, addressing all major attempts at a solution to Hume's problem and describing their shortcomings; presents a series of theorems, accompanied by a description of computer simulations illustrating the content of these theorems (with proofs presented in a mathematical appendix); and defends, refines, and applies core insights regarding the optimality of meta-induction, explaining applications in neighboring disciplines including forecasting sciences, cognitive science, social epistemology, and generalized evolution theory.Finally, Schurz generalizes the method of optimality-based justification to a new strategy of justification in epistemology, arguing that optimality justifications can avoid the problems of justificatory circularity and regress.
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Interactions in Multiagent Systems: Fairness, Social Optimality and Individual Rationality
Thisbook mainly aims at solving the problems in both cooperative and competitivemulti-agent systems (MASs), exploring aspects such as how agents caneffectively learn to achieve the shared optimal solution based on their localinformation and how they can learn to increase their individual utility byexploiting the weakness of their opponents.The book describes fundamental andadvanced techniques of how multi-agent systems can be engineered towards thegoal of ensuring fairness, social optimality, and individual rationality; awide range of further relevant topics are also covered both theoretically andexperimentally.The book will be beneficial to researchers in the fields ofmulti-agent systems, game theory and artificial intelligence in general, as wellas practitioners developing practical multi-agent systems.
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What is meant by the principle of optimality?
The principle of optimality, often associated with dynamic programming, states that an optimal solution to a problem can be constructed from optimal solutions to its subproblems. In other words, if a problem can be broken down into smaller subproblems, then the optimal solution to the larger problem can be found by combining the optimal solutions to the subproblems. This principle allows for more efficient and systematic ways of solving complex problems by avoiding redundant calculations and reusing previously computed solutions.
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Does waste reduction go beyond waste recycling?
Yes, waste reduction goes beyond waste recycling. While recycling is an important part of waste management, waste reduction focuses on minimizing the amount of waste produced in the first place. This can be achieved through practices such as reducing packaging, reusing items, and implementing more sustainable production processes. By focusing on waste reduction, we can decrease the overall environmental impact of waste and move towards a more circular and sustainable economy.
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What is waste separation and recycling?
Waste separation is the process of sorting different types of waste materials into separate categories such as paper, plastic, glass, and organic waste. Recycling involves taking these separated materials and processing them to create new products, reducing the amount of waste that ends up in landfills. By separating waste and recycling, we can help conserve natural resources, reduce pollution, and minimize the impact of waste on the environment.
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Is plastic waste good for the environment?
No, plastic waste is not good for the environment. It takes hundreds of years for plastic to decompose, and during that time it can release harmful chemicals into the soil and water. Plastic waste also poses a threat to wildlife, as animals can become entangled in it or mistake it for food. Additionally, the production of plastic contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of natural resources. Therefore, efforts to reduce, reuse, and recycle plastic waste are essential for protecting the environment.
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Development in E-waste Management : Sustainability and Circular Economy Aspects
This book concerns the developments in the field of e-waste management with a particular focus on urban mining, sustainability, and circular economy aspects.It explains e-waste recycling technologies, supply chain aspects, and e-waste disposal in IT industries, including health and environmental effects of e-waste recycling processes, and associated issues, challenges, and solutions.Further, it describes the economic potential of resource recovery from e-waste. Features:Covers recent developments in e-waste managementExplores technological advances, such as nanotech from e-waste, MREW, fungal biotech, and so forthReviews electronic component recycling aspectsDiscusses the implementation of circular economy in the e-waste sectorIncludes urban mining and sustainability aspects of e-wasteThis book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in environmental engineering, waste management, urban mining, circular economy, waste processing, electronics, and telecommunication engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, and chemical engineering.
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Regreening the Built Environment : Nature, Green Space, and Sustainability
Now in its second volume, Regreening the Built Environment provides an overview of physical and social environmental challenges that the planet is facing and presents solutions that restore ecological processes, reclaim open space, foster social equity, and facilitate a green economy. Healing the planet requires a combination of strategies networked across multiple scales of development, including buildings, sites, communities, and regions.Case studies from a range of locations in the United States, Denmark, Vietnam, Germany, South Korea, Switzerland, France, and the United Kingdom, among others, demonstrate how existing gray infrastructure can be retrofitted with green infrastructure and low-impact development techniques.From this, the author shows how a building can be designed that creates greenspace or generates energy; likewise, a roadway can be a parkway, an alley can be a wildlife corridor, and a parking surface can be a garden.This new edition also includes case studies that have successfully reconnected communities that were fragmented by unjust planning practices and irresponsible patterns of development, resilient design solutions in response to natural disasters, passive design strategies that can make interior spaces more efficient and healthier, and expanded discussions on capturing carbon, renewable energy, agriculture, waste, public transit, and adaptive reuse, including innovative ideas on how to reimagine the shopping mall in the era of e-commerce. The strategies presented in this book will stimulate discussions within the design profession and will be of great interest to students and practitioners of environmental studies, architecture, landscape architecture, and urban design.
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Green Development : Environment and Sustainability in a Developing World
The concept of sustainability lies at the core of the challenge of environment and development, and the way governments, business and environmental groups respond to it.Green Development provides a clear and coherent analysis of sustainable development in both theory and practice.Green Development explores the origins and evolution of mainstream thinking about sustainable development and offers a critique of the ideas behind them.It draws a link between theory and practice by discussing the nature of the environmental degradation and the impacts of development.It argues that, ultimately, ‘green’ development has to be about political economy, about the distribution of power, and not about environmental quality.Its focus is strongly on the developing world. The fourth edition retains the broad structure of previous editions, but has been updated to reflect advances in ideas and changes in international policy.Greater attention has been given to the political ecology of development, market-based and neoliberal environmentalism, and degrowth.This fully revised edition discusses: the origins of thinking about sustainability and sustainable development, and its evolution to the present day; the ideas that dominate mainstream sustainable development (including natural capital, the green economy, market environmentalism and ecological modernisation); critiques of mainstream ideas and of neoliberal framings of sustainability, and alternative ideas about sustainability that challenge ‘business as usual’ thinking, such as arguments about limits to growth and calls for degrowth; the dilemmas of sustainability in the context of forests, desertification, food and farming, biodiversity conservation and dam construction; the challenge of policy choices about sustainability, particularly between reformist and radical responses to the contemporary global dilemmas. Green Development offers clear insights into the challenges of environmental sustainability, and social and economic development.It is unique in offering a synthesis of theoretical ideas on sustainability and in its coverage of the extensive literature on environment and development around the world.The book has proved its value to generations of students as an authoritative, thought-provoking and readable guide to the field of sustainable development.
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The Mother of All Tableaux : Order, Equivalence, and Geometry in the Large-Scale Structure of Optimality Theory
An Optimality Theoretic grammar arises from the comparison of candidates over a set of constraints, oriented toward obtaining certain of those candidates as optimal.The typology of a specified system collects its grammars, encompassing all total domination orders among the posited constraints.Considerable progress has been made in understanding the internal structure of Optimality Theoretic grammars but, in this book, we move up a level from grammar to typology, probing the structure that emerges from the most basic commitments of the theory. Comparison is once again central: a constraint viewed at the typological level rates entire grammars against each other.From this perspective, the constraint goes beyond its familiar role as an engine of comparison based on quantitative penalties and instead takes the form of a more abstract order and equivalence structure.This “Equivalence-augmented Privileged Order” (EPO) can be presented as a kind of enriched Hasse diagram.The collection of the EPOs, one for each constraint, forms the MOAT, the “Mother of All Tableaux”.The EPOs of a typology’s unique MOAT are respected in every violation tableau associated with it. With the MOAT concept in place, it becomes possible to understand exactly which sets of disjoint grammars constitute valid typologies.This finding provides the conditions under which grammars of a given typology can merge to produce another, simpler typology and thereby abstract away informatively from various differences between them.Geometrically, the MOAT concept enables us to show, following the insights of Jason Riggle, that the grammars of a typology neatly partition its representation on the permutohedron into connected, spherically convex regions. Discussion proceeds along both concrete and abstract lines, facilitating access for readers across a wide range of interests.
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What do society, environment, and economy have to do with sustainability?
Society, environment, and economy are all interconnected when it comes to sustainability. Society plays a crucial role in driving sustainable practices through education, awareness, and advocacy. The environment is directly impacted by human activities and is essential for the well-being of society and the economy. The economy relies on natural resources and a healthy environment to thrive, and sustainable practices are necessary to ensure long-term economic stability. Therefore, achieving sustainability requires a balance between the needs of society, the health of the environment, and the strength of the economy.
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In which category do clothes belong: textile recycling or general waste?
Clothes belong in the category of textile recycling. Textile recycling involves reusing or repurposing old clothes to reduce waste and environmental impact. By donating or recycling clothes, we can help extend their lifecycle and reduce the amount of clothing ending up in landfills. It is important to separate clothes from general waste to ensure they can be properly recycled or donated.
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Does Monstera deliciosa have small circular green spots?
No, Monstera deliciosa does not have small circular green spots. This plant is known for its large, glossy, green leaves that have unique splits and holes, giving it a distinctive and tropical appearance. The leaves of Monstera deliciosa do not typically have small circular spots, but rather a more uniform green color with occasional variations in texture and shape.
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Do jobs in the field of sustainability, environment, and climate protection exist?
Yes, there are many jobs in the field of sustainability, environment, and climate protection. These jobs can range from environmental scientists and engineers to sustainability consultants and climate policy analysts. Many industries and organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of addressing environmental and climate issues, leading to a growing demand for professionals with expertise in these areas. Additionally, there are opportunities for individuals to work in advocacy, education, and community outreach related to sustainability and environmental protection.
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